BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE MAGAZINE URL: http://pti.org.ua/ title: Law and innovations (L&I) ISSN: ISSN 2518-1718 (Online), ISSN 2311-4894 (Print) registration data: UDC 340:001.895 Series KV No. 21739-11639PR from 24.11.2015 Founder and publisher: Scientific & Research Institute of Providing Legal Framework for the Innovative Development of National Academy of Law Sciences of Ukraine. Institute website https://ndipzir.org.ua/ year of foundation: 2011 «Topical issues of innovative development» since 2013 the name of the journal is «Law and Innovations» summary and main sections of the publication: The purpose of the journal is to create the conditions for a specialized platform for authors to cover the results of their research. In particular, the disclosure of various aspects of innovative development and comprehensive social factors that affect innovation systems, as well as the exchange of scientific and practical experience. The main concept of Law and Innovations is to provide and encourage the development of national legal science through the coverage of a wide range of doctrinal and practical aspects in the field of innovative development and the national innovation system. Subjects according to the branch of science "12.00.00 - Legal sciences" according to the current list of branches of sciences. Subjects under the field of science “12.00.00 – Jurisprudence” according to the current list of scientific fields and 293 International law». language of publication: Ukrainian and English databases in which the edition is present: - ERIH PLUS (European Reference Index for the Humanities); - Academic Research Index – ResearchBib (Japan); - Polish Scholarly Bibliography (PBN) (Poland); - Information Matrix for the Analysis of Journals – MIAR (Spain); - Index Copernicus (IC) (Poland) (ICV 2022: 75.76); FULL INFORMATION ABOUT THE JOURNAL IN THE "ABOUT THE JOURNAL" SECTION
Науково-дослідний інститут правового забезпечення інноваційного розвитку НАПрН України НАПрН України
On the Issue of Transformation of the Social Protection System for War Veterans in Ukraine
Problem setting. The sphere of social protection has always been a key aspect of the formation and implementation of Ukraine’s social policy. The right to social protection guaranteed by Article 46 of the Constitution of Ukraine emphasizes that Ukraine is a social state, the activities of which are aimed at ensuring the right of citizens to social protection. This right includes provision in the event of loss of working capacity, loss of breadwinner, unemployment, old age and other cases stipulated by law. The full-scale invasion of Ukraine has become a challenge for all areas of state policy, including social policy, which is aimed at supporting low-income and socially vulnerable categories of the population. In connection with the conduct of active hostilities and the introduction of martial law throughout the territory of Ukraine, a number of changes were made to the system of legislation in the field of social security for military personnel and war veterans, which have a significant impact on the content and scope of their legal status. In general, the transformation of the social security system for war veterans in Ukraine involves a set of measures aimed at improving social protection and their financial situation. This includes reviewing legislation, introducing new social services, developing a system of benefits, and adapting veterans to civilian life. The conducted study of state veteran policy on the protection of the basic constitutional rights of citizens with the status of war veterans allows us to assert that there are several options for the development of state systems of social protection for war veterans, the priority areas of which should be: a) implementing special legislation; b) ensuring the effectiveness of a special state body; c) creating a digital platform for war veterans; d) reviewing and improving all mechanisms that facilitate war veterans’ access to social benefits. The relevance of the scientific study is due to the rapid increase in the number of war veterans in Ukraine and the need to provide them with decent living conditions. Analyses of recent researches and publications. In scientific literature, the issues of social security for vulnerable categories of the population are the subject of research by many Ukrainian scientists, in particular: N. Bolotina, N. Vapnyarchuk, M. Vasyliev, V. Kokhan, P. Rabinovych, A. Sydorenko, N. Stativka, A, O. Nazarenko, Yu. Kryvenko and others. Article’s main body is to conduct an analysis of the category of “transformation of social protection”, to study the features of social protection introduced under martial law for the category of citizens with a special status war veterans, as well as to identify problematic aspects of their legal status as subjects of social protection. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Today it is obvious that point changes, given the increase in the number of veterans in society, are not able to solve the problems that have arisen in the state, and therefore the system requires a comprehensive reorganization with the participation of veterans and their families as beneficiaries of state policy. Transformation of the social security system for war veterans is one of the key directions of state social policy in the war and post-war period. An effective model should be based on the principles of targeting, justice, digital accessibility and dignity. Involving veterans themselves in policy formation is the key to its practicality and sustainability. Thus, modern military conflicts become not only a catalyst for transformations in social states, but also reveal their weaknesses, requiring adaptation to new realities. The future stability of social systems and citizens’ trust in state institutions depend on the ability of governments to effectively respond to these challenges.
Legal and moral responsibility in the conditions of development of autonomous artificial intelligence systems
Problem setting. In the context of the development of a digital society, a number of increasingly relevant questions have arisen regarding the development and use of artificial intelligence in relation to morality. The implementation of artificial intelligence systems is expanding in all spheres of society, which also means that questions of responsibility arise in various contexts. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate whether the use of autonomous systems sometimes leads to responsibility-related problems and to what extent it makes sense to assign responsibility to artificial autonomous systems. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The study of issues of legal and moral responsibility in a technological context is quite complex. This is due to the fact that neither academic literature nor legislation provides a unified view on a number of contentious questions that arise when examining this topic. Certain aspects of legal responsibility have been explored in the works of well-known Ukrainian legal scholars, including studies on legal responsibility as a systemic phenomenon (R. Maidanyk), analyses of doctrinal approaches to understanding the essence of legal responsibility (V. Zhornokui), and examinations of legal responsibility as a form of state coercion (V. Nadeon, R. Shyshka), among others. Although there are seven main concepts for understanding legal responsibility as a legal phenomenon, none of them provides answers to the questions associated with the development and use of artificial autonomous intelligent systems. Certain legal aspects related to technology have been addressed in the works of Ukrainian scholars such as D. Adamiuk, H. Androshchuk, O. Davydiuk, B. Paduchak, M. Shvets, and others. In Ukrainian legal scholarship, the issue of moral responsibility in the technological context has been scarcely explored. The analysis of legal and moral responsibility of artificial autonomous systems requires new methodological frameworks. Purpose of the research. The aim of the study is to identify approaches to the issue of responsibility in the context of the development and use of artificial autonomous systems, which contributes to ensuring their ethical and reliable behavior. Article’s main body. The article argues that society’s growing dependence on artificial-intelligence autonomous systems sharply raises questions of responsibility. It is noted that there are a number of ethical dilemmas associated with the development and use of artificial intelligence. The article emphasizes that discussions and debates continue within the academic community regarding the issue of responsibility, demonstrating significant differences in possible approaches to this topic. It is shown that responsibility in the context of AI systems requires an interdisciplinary approach. It is established that applying a philosophical approach to identifying responsibility-related problems in autonomous systems contributes to ensuring the reliability of such systems. Some of the most common general approaches to studying the concept of responsibility are characterized. Attention is focused on the relevance of the sociotechnical approach to the issue of responsibility. It is stressed that there is no single doctrinal approach to understanding legal responsibility; rather, there are at least seven main concepts interpreting legal responsibility as a legal phenomenon. It is identified that different dimensions of responsibility are connected to interdisciplinary challenges in the design, development, and use of reliable autonomous systems and can help address them. Therefore, ensuring the reliability of autonomous systems is an important interdisciplinary task. It is assumed that if autonomous systems in their automated decision-making processes focus exclusively on maximizing efficiency indicators, they are likely to ignore responsibility-related issues. It is concluded that, in order to minimize harmful consequences and ensure ethical and reliable behavior of AI-based autonomous systems, they should, in the future, be allowed to reason about potential responsibility-related problems. Conclusions and prospects for development. As it is becoming increasingly clear that it is impossible to expect all components of an autonomous system to behave properly, there is a need to develop and implement general methods to ensure reliability and resilience. The concept of responsibility can serve as a basis for conceptualizing reliability and resilience, which creates the need to develop a set of methods capable of analyzing the trade-off between efficiency and resilience in sociotechnical systems, as well as designing comprehensive models of sustainable collaboration between humans and artificial intelligence. Ensuring the reliability of autonomous systems and artificial intelligence is an important interdisciplinary task. A philosophical approach can be applied to identify issues of responsibility in autonomous systems; a sociotechnical approach can be used to quantitatively assess degrees of responsibility and task coordination based on this; and a legal approach can be used to define the concept of legal responsibility in a technological context. If, in the future, artificial-intelligence-based autonomous systems are allowed to reason about potential responsibilityrelated problems, harmful consequences can be minimized, and ethical and reliable behavior can be ensured. If autonomous systems in their automated decision-making processes focus exclusively on maximizing efficiency indicators, they are likely to ignore issues of responsibility (from accountability to legal liability). Therefore, a comprehensive study of this issue in the technological context is currently relevant in order to determine who, and to what extent, is responsible for the long-term behavior of an artificial intelligence autonomous system or for a particular decision it makes.
quantification of degrees of responsibility
sociotechnical approach to responsibility
legal responsibility in a technological context
responsibility of lethal autonomous weapons systems
Особливості розподілу прав та обов’язків щодо підтримання придатного стану речі у договорі найму (оренди) транспортного засобу з екіпажем
Problem setting. Studying the impact of public debt on economic security is particularly important, as debt burden directly affects a country’s ability to ensure macroeconomic stability, creditworthiness, and social obligations. The global increase in public debt, especially after the global crises – financial, pandemic, and energy – creates additional risks for the stability of national economies. For Ukraine, this problem is exacerbated by the ongoing war, the destruction of economic infrastructure, and significant external borrowing, which are creating critical levels of debt pressure. Studying debt risks in conditions of geopolitical instability is necessary for developing an effective financial security strategy and maintaining investor and donor confidence. Therefore, this study is important at both the national and international levels. Analyses of recent researches and publications. Various aspects of debt policy and financial security of the state have been studied by many economists and lawyers. Romanovskaya Yu. A. analyzed Ukraine’s public debt in wartime. Kirov B. S. studied aspects of public debt formation and debt security. The management of Ukraine’s public debt in special conditions was studied by Krupyak I. Y. and Krupyak L. B. The analysis of the impact of external debt on the financial stability and national economic security of Ukraine was carried out by Pikulina O. V., Ogdansky K. M., and Pikulina N. Y. The purpose of this article is to study the impact of external and internal public debt on the financial security of the state and to identify areas for optimizing debt policy in order to strengthen financial stability. Article’s main body. The article examines the relationship between the level of public debt and the financial security of the state, which is one of the key components of national economic security. It is argued that the growth of public debt, especially external debt, increases the risks of losing economic sovereignty, intensifies fiscal pressure, and limits the possibilities of budgetary policy. It is determined that for Ukraine, which is in a state of war, ensuring debt security through transparency, control over borrowing, and compliance with international standards of responsible debt management is of particular importance. The impact of external debt dependence, in particular the conditions of IMF programs, on domestic economic policy and social parameters of the state is analyzed. It is noted that effective debt policy should be aimed at balancing domestic and external borrowing, optimizing the debt structure, and increasing the state’s ability to service its obligations without creating threats to financial stability. The role of the Stockholm Principles as an international ethical standard for preventing debt pyramids and a tool for increasing creditor confidence is highlighted. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Debt security is a component of a state’s financial security, according to which the state is obliged to ensure not only formal solvency, but also a balanced structure of debt obligations that does not pose a threat to sovereignty, macroeconomic stability, and social stability. External debt dependence, which is formed as a result of Ukraine’s participation in programs of the IMF and other creditors, has legally significant consequences for state sovereignty. Responsible debt policy is an element of economic sovereignty. Ukrainian legislation needs to be improved in terms of the regulatory definition of debt security limits and the introduction of a debt risk monitoring system.
contract for the hire (lease) of a vehicle with a crew
Legal support for the use and advancement of artificial intelligence in Ukraine’s demining
Problem setting. One of the biggest problems that significantly limits or even prevents Ukrainian farmers from using natural resources is the high level of mine contamination in large areas. Moreover, effective mine action is significantly hampered by the continuation of hostilities and changes in the front line. These factors cause changes in the areas of suspected and confirmed contaminated territories. Thus, almost a third of Ukraine’s controlled territory needs to be surveyed. Even by rough estimates, humanitarian demining of these territories could take decades and cost billions of dollars. The use of artificial intelligence products for demining, especially if they are improved, could reduce the resources and time required to almost 10 years. Analyses of recent researches and publications. Androshchuk G. explores general strategic issues concerning the role of artificial intelligence in the development of the digital economy, copyright issues for works created with the help of artificial intelligence, and the degree of trust in artificial intelligence. The works of A. Hachkevych and L. Tovkun outline issues of legal regulation and international experience in the implementation of artificial intelligence. Articles by K. Yefremova and O. Chernenko highlight the principles of artificial intelligence development, theoretical approaches to the regulation of artificial intelligence in the EU, and specific issues related to the implementation of artificial intelligence in various fields, including financial systems. The purpose of this article is to study the peculiarities of modern legal support for the use and improvement of artificial intelligence models to enhance safety, quality, and speed up demining in Ukraine. Article’s main body. The article is devoted to the study of legal support for the application of existing technologies, as well as the improvement of artificial intelligence for humanitarian demining in Ukraine. It has been established that legislation tends to set general frameworks, while the immediate details and limits of use are established by specific agreements. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of international contractual regulation of cooperation between the Ukrainian government and the leading US technology corporation Palantir Technologies Inc. This company has set itself the ambitious goal of becoming a game changer in the world of technology and using its products and capabilities for maximum social benefit, rather than just commercial profit. Thus, in-depth international cooperation on the application of artificial intelligence with Palantir was initiated by the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine and continued by the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine specifically for more effective humanitarian demining. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Thus, Ukraine’s implementation of various artificial intelligence technologies, as well as the contractual regulation of such relations, is far ahead of the relevant national legal framework, particularly in sensitive areas such as national security and defence. It is expected that a specialised law will be developed and adopted in the near future, in 2026–2027, to implement the provisions of EU Act 2024/1689. Ideally, this law will take into account national experience in the widespread implementation of artificial intelligence, from recording evidence of war crimes committed by the aggressor in Ukraine to prioritising the demining of certain territories. A promising area of research would be to analyse the various types of memoranda and the characteristics of the parties’ obligations in more detail. It would also be interesting and useful, both theoretically and practically, to establish the nature, characteristics and legal basis of the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine’s cooperation in the field of humanitarian demining, and Ukraine’s cooperation as a whole, if and when such data is made public — for example, after the war ends or cooperation with Palantir concludes — as well as the consequences of such cooperation.
State’s environmental policy – direct path to the development of green entrepreneurship
Problem setting. The issues of elaborating new models for developing society in the whole remain currently relevant in such difficult conditions. One of the largest problems on a global scale is stable deterioration of the environment, which is related to hazardous industrial entrepreneurship. Given this, it is important for our country to create such conditions for the functioning of the national economy that would allow improving the environmental situation in the country, and therefore would ensure a stable level of its economic growth. In this respect, we are talking about the development of green entrepreneurship – activity that aims to generate profit from selling environmental goods and provision of services that involve the use of methods and technologies that nullify the usage of non-renewable natural resources, and their use contributes to the creation of ecological living conditions for consumers to the greatest possible extent, as well as creates conditions for the development of environmental awareness in society. Analysis of recent researches and publications. While studying the issues of elaborating state environmental policy in Ukraine regarding the development of green entrepreneurship, the main attention is paid to the analysis of its current situation, existing obstacles to the implementation of advanced world practices regarding its improvement and to the need of improving legislation in this area. Modern economic and legal scientific thought is being actively improved in the context of developing a doctrine for the formation and development of a new type of entrepreneurial activity – green entrepreneurship. Thus, the issues of developing the basic principles of the concept of “green” business are actively discussed in the economic literature, while the emphasis in the legal literature is placed on attracting investments into the development and implementation of environmental innovations for improving certain areas of green entrepreneurship. Purpose of the research is to clarify the current situation of Ukrainian legislation and international regulatory acts ensuring the state’s environmental policy in regard to the formation and development of green entrepreneurship. Аrticle’s main body. The relevance of the issues raised in this article is due to the fact that the leadership of our country should urgently take measures that would ensure greater stability of the functioning of entrepreneurship in new conditions, since the implementation of contradictory measures of the environmental policy or their absence in general deter investors who cannot predict further actions of the government of a particular country in this area. Particular attention has been paid to the fact that the implementation of green entrepreneurship in Ukraine will contribute to the resolution of many economic and environmental issues that will contribute to a number of economic benefits – the creation of new jobs; increasing budget revenues due to an increase in the number of entrepreneurial companies and their production volumes; access to new world markets where competitive relations have not been formed yet, etc. Besides, the development of green entrepreneurship will directly stimulate the attraction of foreign investment into the national economy of Ukraine. Сonclusions and prospects for the development. The concept of green entrepreneurship in terms of elaborating the environmental policy of our country is one of the main elements of innovative development in the process of post-war restoration of destroyed or damaged infrastructure. Best practice of conceptual and legal principles of green entrepreneurship in the context of innovative development of Ukraine will allow minimizing the consumption of energy resources in view of their significant deficit that will contribute to the formation of a healthy society and the state of the natural environment. This necessitates the development of an action plan that would include the development and implementation of green technologies, the use of innovative energy-saving methods and energy-efficient building materials.
Conceptual principles of state regulation of the implementation of digital technologies in the energy sector
Problem setting. The transition from analog to digital technologies allows for the introduction of new approaches to energy production, distribution and consumption, as well as the creation of intelligent and integrated energy systems that are able to adapt to changing conditions and ensure reliable operation. The scientific work is devoted to the study of the experience of state regulation of digitalization of energy sector in the EU and the analysis of Ukraine’s capabilities to effectively manage the processes of digital transformation of the national energy sector, increase the competitiveness of the energy sector in the global economic environment, guarantee the protection of consumer rights and preserve the digital, technological and energy sovereignty of the state and individuals. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The problems of digitalization of energy sector, state regulation and management of digital technologies are actively researched and covered in modern literature. and data in energy. Most often, scientists work on the issues of regulation of artificial intelligence and data protection as the most complex and critically important aspects of digital transformation. The topic of ensuring data sovereignty, digital, technological and energy sovereignty of the state and subjects with state regulation tools remains unexplained and insufficiently studied. Purpose of the research is to substantiate the conceptual principles of state regulation of energy digitalization, taking into account European approaches, modern technological trends, and the peculiarities of the implementation of digital technologies in Ukraine. Article’s main body. The digitalization of energy is part of a dual transition: green and digital. Digital innovations are modernizing the energy industry and creating a new paradigm for automated management of the energy system, network and energy market through the organization of the functioning of the energy data space. The core of digital transformation is artificial intelligence. The implementation of innovative solutions in the energy sector is complex and simultaneously covers several interrelated areas that are subject to state regulation: energy, digitalization, data management and protection, cybersecurity, ensuring the rights and interests of consumers. State regulation of smart energy within the European model is based on the principle of intersectoral management using both strict regulatory rules and flexible regulation of implemented innovations. The main instruments of state regulation include regulatory and administrative instruments, incentive and support instruments. The purpose of state regulation is to ensure the coordinated development and implementation of digital innovative technologies in the energy sector, the functioning of the digital energy data space, the development of digital energy markets, automation of energy system and network management and their integration into the data economy and the digital economy. An important component of the EU policy on the formation of smart energy is ensuring data sovereignty, as well as digital, technological, energy and European sovereignty. Thanks to an integrated approach, Europe purposefully strengthens its energy, digital and technological independence, creates conditions for the reliable functioning of the digital energy system, increasing its competitiveness and security. Unlike the EU, the process of digital transformation in Ukraine is taking place in the absence of proper legal regulation, limited financial resources and dependence on foreign technologies and partners, which creates threats to its state sovereignty. Conclusions and prospects for development. The priority of Ukraine’s policy in the field of energy digitalization should be the creation of regulatory, organizational and technical prerequisites for energy decentralization, ensuring the energy, technological and digital sovereignty of the state, which requires separate research and justification.
Development of entrepreneurial initiatives of war veterans: legal aspects of state funding and tax incentives
Problem setting. The stimulation of economic activity by veteran entrepreneurship entities is currently acquiring new features and increased relevance, including with the update of current legislation and strategic development directions in this area. State financing and support of veteran business is becoming a promising direction of state policy and has a direct impact on the renewal of the national economy. The development of veteran business in Ukraine has significant potential, it will contribute to economic growth by creating new industries and addressing societal needs, and will also ensure veterans’ active participation in civilian life. Therefore, it is extremely important to build an effective model for implementing veteran business with the help of an effective regulatory and tax framework. Analysis of recent research. Research on the issues of providing state support to war veterans has been conducted by many scientists. For example, O. Yu. Illarionov analyzed the legal principles of supporting and developing veteran business. V. I. Sheverdina conducted a study of domestic veteran policy on the protection of the basic constitutional rights of citizens who have the status of war veterans. V. P. Kokhan studied the issue of employment of war veterans and identified three areas of return of war veterans to work as a result of their professional adaptation: traditional employment in the form of hired labor in accordance with the Labor Code of Ukraine; employment under non-standard employment conditions and the establishment and development of veteran entrepreneurship. In the current conditions of martial law, the issues of developing entrepreneurial initiatives of war veterans are becoming particularly relevant and require additional scientific research. The article aims to conduct a legal analysis and scientific research on the issues of state financing and tax incentives for the development of entrepreneurial initiatives of war veterans in Ukraine. Аrticle’s main body. Russia’s long-running war against Ukraine has led to many important problems in supporting military personnel and war veterans. Despite the dynamic development of legislation in the field of supporting war veterans, legal and tax mechanisms for stimulating veteran entrepreneurship require continuous improvement and adaptation. The measures currently being taken to reintegrate veterans into society are insufficient; they take the form of state social payments and benefits, which are considered outdated and ineffective according to state authorities, local governments, civil society representatives, and veterans themselves. The Law of Ukraine «On Veteran Entrepreneurship » provides for the creation of a system of economic and social incentives to assist veteran entrepreneurship entities in carrying out entrepreneurial activities, increasing their level of competitiveness, social activity, and achieving financial stability; stimulating investment and innovation activity of veteran entrepreneurship entities and establishing the introduction of mechanisms to stimulate veteran entrepreneurship as a priority direction of state policy. However, the aforementioned law does not specify the components of the mechanisms to stimulate veteran entrepreneurship, in particular the tax one. Therefore, it is necessary to raise the issue of preferential taxation and lending for veteran entrepreneurship in the future: after the introduction of legal regulation of veteran entrepreneurship, the issues of its encouragement, determination of financial mechanisms for its stimulation and support arise. It is noted that despite the lack of legislative regulation of tax incentives, their main goal is to create favorable conditions for taxpayers, therefore tax benefits are an effective tool for encouraging veterans to open their own business. To ensure an effective model of implementation of veteran business, it is currently considered relevant to improve the incentive mechanisms of state support and introduce special tax benefits for veterans-entrepreneurs, which will contribute to the activation of their opening of their own business. Conclusions. The conducted scientific research on legal issues of state financing and tax incentives for the development of entrepreneurial initiatives made it possible to conclude that state support for the entrepreneurial activity of war veterans should be systemic and implemented at the national, regional and local levels. Tax incentives for the entrepreneurship of war veterans should be integrated into a comprehensive state policy aimed at supporting the development of veteran entrepreneurship, enhancing its competitiveness, facilitating the reintegration of war veterans into civilian life, and promoting the sustainable development of Ukraine’s national economy. The problem of the tax burden on war veterans engaged in entrepreneurial activity necessitates the improvement of legal regulation, including by updating the norms of tax legislation. Therefore, in the context of creating a regulatory framework for regulating veteran entrepreneurship, it is necessary to continue to improve current legislation and introduce effective instruments for tax incentives for veteran entrepreneurship, that is, to implement effective mechanisms for preferential taxation and lending to veteran businesses, which will increase the level of economic activity of war veterans.
Support for entrepreneurial activities of war veterans: status of legal provisions and prospective legislation
Formulation of the problem. Supporting the return of war veterans to civilian life, stimulating and supporting their economic activity in general, and entrepreneurial activity in particular, is an extremely important direction of state veteran policy. Currently, the legislation regulating the entrepreneurial activities of war veterans in Ukraine is only being formed. Therefore, many problematic issues arise that require the development of an effective mechanism for their resolution. The purpose of the study. Based on an analysis of scientific literature, domestic and foreign experience in supporting war veterans, to substantiate proposals for improving legislation on veteran entrepreneurship, in particular, the concept of veteran entrepreneurship, and resolving other legal problems in this area. Analysis of previous studies and publications. Domestic legal science pays considerable attention to the issue of veteran entrepreneurship. Thus, on June 30, 2025, at the Research Institute of Legal Support for Innovative Development of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, within the framework of a round table dedicated to the legal support of professional adaptation and the right to entrepreneurial activity of war veterans [2], a range of issues regarding various aspects of veteran entrepreneurship were discussed. Among them: the creation of a legal mechanism for state support of veterans’ entrepreneurial activities (Podrez-Ryapolova I.V.), certain legal aspects of applying international experience in state support for the development of the entrepreneurial potential of veterans (Kolisnyk A. S.), comparative analysis of support for veteran entrepreneurship in Ukraine and the countries of the European Union (Zagorui I. S., Zagorui L. M.), challenges and reality of legal support for entrepreneurial activity and social adaptation of disabled war veterans (Salinko G.O., Shapovalova O.V.), wartime tax innovations as a risk for veterans’ exercise of the right to entrepreneurial activity and their evasion from paying taxes (Yakutin V.V.). Representatives of economic science Kraus K.M., Ignatyuk A.I., Kraus N.M. also joined the research on the topic of veteran entrepreneurship, who considered the issues of institutional, financial, and project components of the practical implementation of veteran entrepreneurship and business in Ukraine[3]. Аrticle’s main body. For Ukraine, such a type of private entrepreneurship as veterans’ entrepreneurship is of particular importance. The Russian-Ukrainian war has been going on for eleven years. Therefore, after some time, a significant part of Ukrainian society will be made up of veterans of this war. This is an extremely valuable human capital, which after the end of the war can become a driving force for the country’s socio-economic development, provided that an appropriate human-centered state policy is formed regarding the return of veterans to peaceful life. Maximum promotion of the development of such a type of economic activity of veterans as their entrepreneurial activity is an effective means of returning veterans to peaceful life. Therefore, the mechanism of legal regulation of veteran entrepreneurship in general, and, in particular, the concept of veteran entrepreneurship, must be perfect. Until February 26, 2026, when the Law of Ukraine “On Veteran Entrepreneurship” comes into force, Ukrainian legislation does not contain special norms regarding the conduct of entrepreneurial activities by war veterans. The organizational forms of such activity, its legalization, application of state regulation tools to it, and taxation are carried out on the basis common to all. Currently, the peculiarity of the regulation of veteran entrepreneurship is exclusively its targeted state support. With the entry into force of the Law of Ukraine «On Veteran Entrepreneurship», the legal regulation of veterans’ entrepreneurial activities will acquire certain features, in particular, a legal definition of the concept of veteran entrepreneurship will appear. Analysis of the norms of the Tax Code of Ukraine shows that this concept cannot be considered successful and does not meet the requirements of current legislation. Also, the concept of veteran entrepreneurship defined by the law highlighted the problem with the general concept of entrepreneurial activity, which arose after the abolition of the Economic Code of Ukraine. Сonclusions and prospects for the development The state is increasing its attention to supporting the economic activity of war veterans, which is confirmed by the adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On Veteran Entrepreneurship”. To resolve the problems that arose with its adoption, it is necessary to make changes to the concept of veteran entrepreneurship defined by this law. The general concept of entrepreneurship also needs improvement, the content of which has changed significantly after the abolition of the Commercial Code of Ukraine.
state support of veteran entrepreneurship
The concept of “bullishing” in Ukrainian legislation: problems of definition and law enforcement
Problem setting. On June 6, 2024, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on the Prevention of Violence and the Elimination of Cruelty to Children” № 3793-ИХ. The consequence of this regulatory legal act was the removal of the concept of “bullying” from Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Education”. Instead, the term “bullying” was included in the Law of Ukraine “On the Protection of Childhood”. So, now the definition of the concept of “bullying” at the legal level is contained in the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses and in the Law of Ukraine “On the Protection of Childhood”. It should be noted that in international legal documents and in national legislation, a child is considered a person under the age of eighteen. This means that, given the age of the students, which may go beyond the concept of “minor” or “child”, that is, over 18 years old, the definition of the concept of “bullying”, which is enshrined in the legislation, is obviously imperfect, since its subject composition does not include adults studying in educational institutions. Such imperfection has negative legal consequences, since in the event of establishing the fact of bullying with the participation of an adult person a member of the staff of an educational institution, it makes it impossible to bring him to administrative responsibility. That is why the definition of this term needs to be improved and included in Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Education”. Analysis of recent researches and publications Bullying as a social phenomenon is thoroughly covered in the works of such foreign and Ukrainian scientists as H. Leimann, D. Olweus, E. Roland, A. Barlit, A. Kvasha, K. Ye. Nazarchuk, M. V. Zelenska, M. D. Vasilyeva, etc. In recent years, legal experts have been engaged in the issues of combating and preventing bullying, in particular, O. Ivanii, I. Lubenetsi, O. V. Lutsiv, I. G. Bukhtiyarova, M. V. Prykhodko, O. G. Strelchenko, etc. Their scientific achievements have expanded the understanding of this socially dangerous act and contributed to its deeper understanding in the legal sphere. At the same time, recent changes in Ukrainian legislation give grounds for a critical view of them and create the basis for a separate study of the issue of the causal relationship between terminology and law enforcement. The purpose of this article is improving the definition of the concept of «bullying» based on the analysis of scientific works and modern national legislation. Article’s main body. Bullying is manifested in the aggressive behavior of one person or a group of people towards another person – a child or an adult. This is accompanied by constant psychological and physical pressure. A person is systematically teased, made fun of, spoiled, gossiped about, published personal information and photos on social networks, boycotted, intimidated and even beaten. As has historically been the case, it is generally accepted that bullying is widespread in school children’s groups. But, studying at a university, you can also encounter bullying from classmates or other participants in the educational process. The Code of Administrative Offenses regulates the administrative liability of participants in bullying in the form of fines and corrective labor. Administrative liability for bullying (bullying) in Ukraine occurs if the actions of participants in the educational process do not show signs of a crime, the liability for which is provided for by the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The paradox is that the concept of “bullying”, which is enshrined in the Code of Administrative Offenses, is such that it does not directly cover students aged 18 to 23 and older. For unknown reasons, this age category of education seekers was overlooked by the legislator and was not included in the definition, as a result of which adult students do not fall under the scope of this Code. Therefore, it is impossible to use a regulatory document that determines the actions of an educational institution in the event of bullying. However, participants in the educational process in higher education institutions also include persons who have reached the age of majority and can also be both bullies and victims of bullying. Therefore, due to the existing gap in the legislation, it is not considered possible to bring adult students, cadets, postgraduates, etc. to administrative responsibility. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Based on the above and in order to eliminate the legal uncertainty that exists in the legislation due to its imperfection and inconsistency, Part 1 of Article 173-4 of the Code of Administrative Offenses shall be worded as follows: “bullying is an act (action or inaction) of participants in the educational process, which consists in psychological, physical, economic, sexual violence, including with the use of electronic communications, committed against a minor or underage person (students, (pupils)) or an adult (a higher education graduate) and (or) by such persons against other participants in the educational process, as a result of which harm could have been or has been caused to the mental or physical health of the victim.” We believe that the inclusion of subjects such as adult students in the concept of “bullying” contained in the Code of Administrative Offenses is extremely important, since in practice, the problem of the mechanism for bringing them to administrative responsibility will finally be resolved. In addition, we propose to amend the Law of Ukraine “On Education” using the concept of bullying formulated above. In our opinion, it is important that the definition of the term “bullying” is not contained in a by-law of the Ministry of Education and Science, but in a special educational law.
prevention and counteraction to bullying
The content and specifics of the principle of guarantee in social security law
Problem setting. The principle of guarantee is a very important principle of the field of social security law, an integral element of the entire system of its principles, a logical continuation of the legal requirements of all other principles, their addition. It is thanks to the action of this principle that social security law acquires the attributes of reality, can be considered as a full-fledged regulator of social security relations. After all, the principle of guarantee contains its own set of elements, means, conditions that allow to embody abstract regulatory and legal provisions, declared social security rights into the reality of social relations. Guarantee is an imperative, the most generalized legal requirement that gives the field of social security law signs of enhanced protection by the state, such properties that allow to assert that social values, benefits that are the subject of social security legal relations, constitute significant legal and state significance. Analyses of recent researches and publications. The principles of social security law in general, and the principle of guarantee in the field of social security in particular, were studied by such scientists as O. O. Bogdanova, K. V. Borychenko, T. Z. Garasymiv, K. V. Hnatenko, O. O. Duma, S. V. Kudlayenko, O. L. Kuchma, M. I. Inshyn, O. V. Moskalenko, I. Yu. Khomych, T. Yu. Khrenova, O. G. Chutcheva, O. M. Yaroshenko, and others. Article’s main body to investigate the content and specifics of the principle of guarantee in social security law Conclusions and prospects for the development. It is concluded that the social security legislation of Ukraine enshrines an overly narrow concept of understanding guarantees of social rights, there is a lack of a more comprehensive approach to clarifying the construction of the entire system of social security guarantees, determining the place of each of them, as well as proper regulation of its specifics. It is noted that when determining the content of guarantees as a category of social security, it is worth first of all realizing that this is a category that is closely related to the implementation of the subjective right to social security. Since guarantees in the field of social security are, first of all, guarantees of the implementation of the right to social security, its protection and defense. Guaranteed social security is defined as the state of effective functioning of the system of social security guarantees, as well as a positive subjective assessment by a specific person or society as a whole of the level of effectiveness of those means, methods and techniques that are designed to ensure the implementation of the subjective right to social security. And the principle of guaranteed social security law is a principle that defines the requirement for the mandatory establishment in the state of a system of interrelated objective and subjective factors, the content of which is made up of conditions, means, methods, techniques that, in their interaction, ensure the high-quality and full implementation of the human right to social security, if necessary its protection and defense. It is noted that despite the fact that a number of regulatory legal acts regulating social security relations enshrine the provision that «the provision of social security (of its appropriate type) is guaranteed by the state», none of them enshrines an exhaustive understanding of the system of those means and conditions by means of which such guaranteeing takes place.
Responsible debt policy and the financial security of the state
Legal aspects of naturalization of Ukrainian scientists in EU member states
The article examines the legal aspects of the naturalization of Ukrainian scientists in the European Union member states following the beginning of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022. It analyzes the scale of scientific migration, the dynamics of researchers’ relocation, and the formation of the Ukrainian scientific diaspora in the EU. Special attention is paid to the legal status of Ukrainian scholars abroad, the functioning of the temporary protection mechanism, and its impact on the citizenship acquisition process. The paper defines the essence and legal nature of naturalization in European law, outlines the procedural aspects of citizenship acquisition by scientists, compares naturalization conditions across several EU states (in particular Germany, France, Poland, and Portugal), and highlights the specific features of the legal position of individuals who have undergone naturalization. The legal consequences of naturalization for Ukrainian scientists are examined, including the loss of Ukrainian citizenship, changes in tax and social status, expansion of academic rights within EU citizenship, and the formation of a new model of a mobile European researcher of Ukrainian origin. It is emphasized that, for Ukraine, the naturalization of scientists abroad represents a serious challenge associated with the outflow of intellectual capital, the weakening of the national scientific system, and the threat of losing human potential. The conclusions justify the need for the development of a state policy to support the Ukrainian scientific diaspora, create legal mechanisms for maintaining the connection between naturalized scholars and Ukraine, and gradually revise the concept of citizenship in view of modern academic and migration realities. Problem Setting. After 2022, the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine caused a large-scale displacement of Ukrainian citizens, including a significant number of scientists and researchers. The issue of their legal status, integration, and naturalization within the European Union has become a pressing problem for both Ukrainian and European legal and academic systems. Understanding the mechanisms, conditions, and legal consequences of naturalization for Ukrainian scholars abroad is crucial for maintaining intellectual continuity and shaping Ukraine’s postwar scientific and human capital policy. Analysis of Recent Researches and Publications. Among Ukrainian scholars who have studied the relevant issues, attention should be drawn to the works of V. Semynozhenko, L. Lytvynenko, O. Zelinskyi, O. Podrez-Riapolova, S. Hlibko, O. Bieliaieva, A. Liubchych, and others, which analyze the issues of state policy in the field of science, international academic mobility, and the legal regulation of the status of scientists. Their studies emphasize the necessity of creating conditions for preserving Ukraine’s intellectual potential, developing an effective system to support Ukrainian scientists abroad, and ensuring gradual integration into the European Research Area. Among foreign publications, notable are the studies focusing on the EU’s policy toward highly qualified migration – particularly research conducted under the auspices of the European Migration Network, OECD, and MSCA4Ukraine, as well as analytical reports from Horizon Europe and Erasmus+ programs, which outline trends in professional adaptation and naturalization of foreign scientists. These studies approach naturalization not only as a legal process but as one of the key instruments for attracting intellectual capital and ensuring the sustainable development of Europe’s scientific systems. Target of Research.The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal aspects of the naturalization of Ukrainian scientists in EU member states, determine the peculiarities of their legal status after 2022, examine the conditions and consequences of citizenship acquisition, and outline the problems and risks faced by Ukraine due to the outflow of scientific potential. Article’s Main Body. The full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in 2022 triggered one of the largest waves of forced migration of scientists in Europe’s recent history. The temporary protection mechanism introduced by the European Union under Council Directive 2001/55/EC provided Ukrainian citizens, including researchers, with the right to reside and work in EU member states. For Ukrainian scientists, this framework ensured continuity of academic activity and access to European research infrastructure. However, the temporary nature of this protection created legal uncertainty. It does not automatically lead to permanent residence or citizenship, and the period of stay under temporary protection is not always counted toward the residency term required for naturalization. Some EU states – notably Germany and Portugal – have introduced exceptions allowing this period to be recognized as part of continuous legal residence if the individual remains professionally active and maintains legal status. Naturalization procedures for scientists differ among EU member states. In most countries, a general requirement of five years of legal residence applies. Nevertheless, special provisions exist for individuals who have made significant contributions to science, education, or culture. For instance, Germany’s Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz allows a reduction of the required residency period to three years for distinguished researchers, while France’s Code civil enables “naturalization in the national interest” (intérêt exceptionnel) for persons who have made exceptional scientific or cultural contributions. Similarly, Poland, Portugal, and the Czech Republic provide preferential conditions for academics whose activities benefit national research and innovation development. In addition to residence duration, applicants must demonstrate financial independence, integration into the host society, and language proficiency. For scientists, proof of stable income typically includes employment contracts with universities or research institutes, or participation in international grant programs such as Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA), Erasmus+, and Horizon Europe. Many EU states acknowledge these research grants as legitimate and stable sources of income, aligning with naturalization requirements. Therefore, naturalization functions both as a legal pathway to full integration in the European academic space and as a potential source of intellectual capital loss for Ukraine. The formation of a stable Ukrainian scientific diaspora in the EU brings long-term benefits for international cooperation but simultaneously challenges Ukraine’s ability to restore its research and innovation capacity in the postwar period. Conclusions and Prospects for the Development. Naturalization of Ukrainian scientists in EU countries represents a complex socio-legal phenomenon combining migration, academic integration, and citizenship policy dimensions. While the European legal framework provides flexible mechanisms that facilitate naturalization for highly qualified professionals, these processes simultaneously contribute to the structural weakening of Ukraine’s domestic scientific system. To mitigate negative consequences, Ukraine should develop a coherent state policy aimed at maintaining institutional and professional ties with naturalized scholars abroad. This may include the creation of a legal mechanism for dual academic affiliation, the establishment of national programs for scientific cooperation with the Ukrainian diaspora, and participation in joint EU-funded research networks. Future development should also involve the modernization of Ukrainian citizenship legislation, allowing for conditional dual citizenship for scientists and researchers engaged in international projects of national importance. Such a step would harmonize Ukrainian law with European integration standards and help preserve the intellectual bridge between Ukraine and the EU.
Support for Energy Sector Startups: International Legal Practices
Problem setting. Global challenges related to climate change, energy dependency, growing demand for clean energy, and the necessity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions require the transformation of the energy sector through the implementation of innovative technologies. In this context, energy startups play a special role as flexible and high-tech entities capable of promptly developing and implementing non-standard solutions. However, despite their significant potential, such enterprises face numerous barriers—regulatory, financial, institutional, and informational—which hinder their development. In most countries, including Ukraine, the legal and organizational framework for innovation in the energy sector remains fragmented and insufficiently effective. It is therefore critical to study international experience and seek models that can be adapted to Ukrainian realities to create a favorable environment for the development of energy startups. Тarget of the research is to analyze modern international approaches to the legal and institutional support of energy startups, identify effective mechanisms for promoting their development, and formulate practical recommendations for their adaptation and implementation within Ukraine’s national legal system. Particular attention will be paid to examining European innovation support programs, such as Horizon Europe, as well as legal instruments for stimulating ‘green’ entrepreneurship, which can form the basis for developing a national policy in the field of energy innovation Аnalysis of recent researches and publications. E. Beckstedde, M. K. Ramirez, R. Cossent, Y. Vanschonwinkel, L. Meeus analyze sandbox platforms as a tool for legislative modernization that adapts legal mechanisms to rapid changes in technological development (renewable energy, smart-grids, blockchain services, etc.). In contrast, this article will reveal the characteristic features and types of international support for startups in the energy sector in the context of international law and law enforcement activities. P. O. Okedele, O. R. Aziza, P. Oduro, A. O. Ishola analyze global and regional legal frameworks that regulate the energy transition. The authors explore how these frameworks can promote growth and equity in developing countries. They consider financial mechanisms, the role of national legal systems, and challenges related to balancing energy access, economic growth, and environmental protection. Although the article does not focus exclusively on startups, it creates an important context for understanding the legal field in which they operate In contrast, this article’s emphasis is specifically on the activities of startups as drivers of innovation in the energy sector. Аrticle’s main body. The justification for state support of startups is based on the following principles:1. Overcoming «Valleys of Death»: This refers to the critical stage between successful laboratory research and commercialization, where innovative projects often face a lack of funding and high risks. State support helps overcome these market failures. 2. Creating New Markets: Innovations give rise to new economic sectors, which in turn create jobs, increase tax revenues, and stimulate economic growth. 3. Ensuring Energy Security: Diversifying energy sources and implementing domestic technologies reduce dependence on imports and enhance the resilience of the energy system. 4. Fulfilling International Obligations: Signatory countries to international agreements, such as the Paris Agreementand treaties concerning the UN Sustainable Development Goals, are obligated to promote decarbonization and the development of «green» technologies, which is directly linked to supporting energy startups. The legal frameworks of these agreements often serve as the basis for national support programs. The legal foundations for state support of innovations are typically enshrined in national legislation (laws on innovation, state aid laws, tax codes) and international treaties. International experience demonstrates a variety of approaches to supporting energy startups that can be adapted to national conditions. For instance, the European Union is a leader in forming comprehensive legal and financial instruments to support innovation, particularly in the energy sector. An analysis of foreign and international experience indicates the existence of a number of effective legal and institutional instruments for supporting energy startups. For Ukraine, with its aspiration for energy independence and integration into the European energy space, the implementation of these practices is critically important. Сonclusions and prospects for the development. An extensive analysis of international experience reveals the existence of effective legal and financial mechanisms for supporting energy sector startups. The key elements of a successful policy include: targeted financing for startups at various stages of their development, the introduction of effective tax incentives for investors, flexible and predictable regulation that incorporates «regulatory sandboxes,» strong institutional support through a network of incubators and accelerators, and active international cooperation to attract resources and exchange knowledge. Implementing these approaches into Ukraine’s national legislation will significantly accelerate the innovative development of the energy sector, help ensure energy security and sustainability, reduce dependence on traditional energy sources, and achieve ambitious goals for sustainable development and decarbonization. Ukraine has significant potential for developing energy innovations, and proper legal and institutional support for startups is crucial to unlocking this potential.
Adapting the legal framework of public–private partnerships to the needs of science
Problem setting. The development of scientific and R&D activity requires substantial resources, especially for research infrastructure. Given fiscal constraints, state–business cooperation becomes salient. Law No. 4510-IX, which updates the PPP framework, creates preconditions for mobilising private investment in education, science and R&D. However, the specific characteristics of this sector, including uncertain research outcomes, long project cycles, and indirect economic returns, make it difficult to apply general PPP rules directly. This paper examines the adaptability of Law No. 4510-IX to PPPs in science, particularly for research infrastructure. Analysis of recent research and publications. Ukrainian scholarship has addressed PPP law and research infrastructures, yet the legislative novelties necessitate reassessment of PPP use in science/R&D, with emphasis on infrastructure development. Purpose of research. To identify legal factors that hinder PPP application in science and R&D. Article’s main body. The paper reviews Law No. 4510-IX (19.06.2025) and its enhancements to PPP mechanisms. It finds that, despite progress, implementation in science/R&D remains insufficiently regulated. Concerns include drafting technique, terminological inconsistency (“private investor” vs “private partner”), and limited attention to sector specificity. Current effectiveness analysis is overly finance-centric and underweights R&D performance metrics. The paper argues for phased implementation with interim performance reviews and for integrating research-relevant KPIs. It also highlights obstacles posed by confining PPPs to innovation enterprises only within higher-education institutions, thereby narrowing opportunities for broader research and innovation infrastructure. Three legislative options are proposed: (a) remove excessive limits from the Education Law; (b) detail PPP features in special statutes (e.g., Science Parks, Industrial Parks); or (c) insert a general article on science/R&D PPPs into Section VIII of the PPP Law. Conclusions and prospects for development. Law No. 4510-IX expands PPP scope and modernizes the instrument, yet issues persist: drafting, terminology, and insufficient sectoral tailoring. The paper substantiates the need to move beyond finance-centric indicators and legally embed research-technical metrics (publications/patents, trained personnel, shared-equipment beamtime, etc.). It proposes a phased PPP procedure with interim performance checks, drawing on EU practice (EIT KICs). It identifies “private partner” vs “private investor” inconsistency and the narrow focus of Article 81 of the Education Law. Three improvement paths are outlined; the preferred option is a general science/R&D PPP clause in Section VIII of the PPP Law to secure systematic and flexible regulation.
Scientific and research institute of providing legal framework for the innovative development
CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF STATE REGULATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ENERGY SECTOR
Problem setting. The transition from analog to digital technologies allows for the introduction of new approaches to energy production, distribution and consumption, as well as the creation of intelligent and integrated energy systems that are able to adapt to changing conditions and ensure reliable operation. The scientific work is devoted to the study of the experience of state regulation of digitalization of energy sector in the EU and the analysis of Ukraine's capabilities to effectively manage the processes of digital transformation of the national energy sector, increase the competitiveness of the energy sector in the global economic environment, guarantee the protection of consumer rights and preserve the digital, technological and energy sovereignty of the state and individuals. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The problems of digitalization of energy sector, state regulation and management of digital technologies are actively researched and covered in modern literature. and data in energy. Most often, scientists work on the issues of regulation of artificial intelligence and data protection as the most complex and critically important aspects of digital transformation. The topic of ensuring data sovereignty, digital, technological and energy sovereignty of the state and subjects with state regulation tools remains unexplained and insufficiently studied. Purpose of the research is to substantiate the conceptual principles of state regulation of energy digitalization, taking into account European approaches, modern technological trends, and the peculiarities of the implementation of digital technologies in Ukraine. Article’s main body. The digitalization of energy is part of a dual transition: green and digital. Digital innovations are modernizing the energy industry and creating a new paradigm for automated management of the energy system, network and energy market through the organization of the functioning of the energy data space. The core of digital transformation is artificial intelligence. The implementation of innovative solutions in the energy sector is complex and simultaneously covers several interrelated areas that are subject to state regulation: energy, digitalization, data management and protection, cybersecurity, ensuring the rights and interests of consumers. State regulation of smart energy within the European model is based on the principle of intersectoral management using both strict regulatory rules and flexible regulation of implemented innovations. The main instruments of state regulation include regulatory and administrative instruments, incentive and support instruments. The purpose of state regulation is to ensure the coordinated development and implementation of digital innovative technologies in the energy sector, the functioning of the digital energy data space, the development of digital energy markets, automation of energy system and network management and their integration into the data economy and the digital economy. An important component of the EU policy on the formation of smart energy is ensuring data sovereignty, as well as digital, technological, energy and European sovereignty. Thanks to an integrated approach, Europe purposefully strengthens its energy, digital and technological independence, creates conditions for the reliable functioning of the digital energy system, increasing its competitiveness and security. Unlike the EU, the process of digital transformation in Ukraine is taking place in the absence of proper legal regulation, limited financial resources and dependence on foreign technologies and partners, which creates threats to its state sovereignty. Conclusions and prospects for development. The priority of Ukraine's policy in the field of energy digitalization should be the creation of regulatory, organizational and technical prerequisites for energy decentralization, ensuring the energy, technological and digital sovereignty of the state, which requires separate research and justification.
ADAPTING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS TO THE NEEDS OF SCIENCE
Problems and prospects of legal regulation of economic activities conducted with the use of unemployed aircraft (UAV)
Statement of the problem. Effective legal support of economic activities using unmanned aerial vehicles (hereinafter - UAVs) is extremely important and strategically necessary for the economic and legal development of Ukraine in the coming years. It is worth noting that this is not a narrow “aviation” industry, but a trans-sectoral economic model that covers agribusiness, logistics, infrastructure, security, medicine, energy, defense, etc. The role and importance of UAVs for the country's economy is growing every day. Business entities in the private sector are actively developing, supplying and servicing UAVs, which creates an urgent need for legal regulation of the B2G and B2B segments. Obviously, UAVs will have prospects for development during the post-war recovery period, such as in the agricultural business (aerial photography, precision farming), construction (facility monitoring), energy (inspection of transmission lines), etc. In the context of its European integration progress, Ukraine is also obliged to bring its domestic legislation in line with the requirements of EU legislation on UAVs (the central part of which is Regulation (EU) 2019/947 of May 24, 2019 on rules and procedures for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles), as well as with the standards of EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency). The purpose of the article is to determine the specifics of legal support for economic activities involving the use of UAVs, which is inevitably necessary from the perspective of business practice, security and competition. Analysis of recent research and publications. The legal regulation of the production and use of UAVs has been studied by such scholars as: O.M. Shershakov, M.A. Mykytyuk, V.V. Voronko, O.M. Hryhorov, V.M. Begma, L.M. Nevara, L.Y. Grekova, O.M. Striltsiv, H.A. Hryshchenko, A.Y. Kovalchuk, and others. However, almost all scientific publications on this topic are related to the production and use of UAVs in civil aviation or for the needs of the army and law enforcement agencies. The economic and legal aspect of the use of UAVs remains poorly understood. Summary of the main material. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the problems and prospects of legal regulation of economic activities carried out with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in Ukraine. The authors identifies the key features of an unmanned aerial vehicle from the perspective of economic and legal science: absence of a pilot on board, functional autonomy or remote control, the ability to perform economic (economic) tasks, availability of technical infrastructure and software which makes a UAV an infrastructure object of economic activity, as well as legal regulation of economic circulation which provides for certification, state control over dual use, special export/import regime and the need for a license to operate a UAV. It is found that a critical feature is restrictions on the use and zonal access, since airspace is an object of public law, and the rules of admission for UAVs differ significantly from manned aircraft. The authors substantiates the expediency of having a separate legal regime for UAVs in the economic sphere, which is due to the functional difference of UAVs from other objects of economic circulation (as a “hybrid object”), their risky nature which requires specific regulation (certification, registration, liability insurance, permitting procedures and cybersecurity regulation), as well as the investment and economic significance of UAVs, which requires ensuring a unified legal regime for ownership, sale, lease, pledge and investment. Potential risks associated with the introduction of a separate legal regime for UAVs are analyzed. Conclusion. The legal regulation of economic activities involving the use of UAVs requires conceptual understanding, intersectoral coordination and gradual implementation of European approaches adapted to national realities. The expediency of creating a separate legal regime for UAVs in the business sector, given their functional difference, risky nature and economic significance, is beyond doubt. Such a regime should provide legal certainty, stimulate investment and innovation, and harmonize Ukrainian legislation with EU and international standards. However, its implementation requires a comprehensive approach that addresses potential risks such as regulatory fragmentation, excessive regulatory burden, overlapping regulatory powers, and a legal vacuum with respect to new technologies. The successful implementation of this process depends on alignment with the existing regulatory framework, regulatory flexibility, cooperation with business, and a phased implementation.
Legal regulation of knowledge transfer in the activities of Ukraine’s research infrastructures
The article explores the legal and regulatory framework governing knowledge transfer processes in Ukraine, which play a crucial role in shaping an innovative economy and ensuring sustainable development during the country’s recovery from the devastating consequences of full-scale war. It outlines the key provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Scientific and Scientific-Technical Activity,” which recognizes the results of scientific and technological work—including knowledge and technologies—as intellectual property objects subject to legal protection and applicable in practical use. The analysis also covers the Law of Ukraine “On State Regulation of Activities in the Field of Technology Transfer,” which details mechanisms for the transfer of technologies, knowledge, experience, and other intellectual outputs among actors in the innovation system. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a strategic vision, as enshrined in the Innovation Development Strategy of Ukraine until 2030 and the Concept of the State Targeted Program for the Development of Research Infrastructures until 2026. These documents set out objectives for integrating scientific developments into the real economy and enhancing collaboration between science, education, and business. Additionally, the article examines leading European and international practices for organizing effective knowledge transfer and intellectual property management that could be implemented within the Ukrainian context.
On the issue of forming new research infrastructure in Ukraine in modern conditions
Problem setting. In the current context of full-scale war, which profoundly impacts all sectors of society, the formation and modernisation of research infrastructures in Ukraine have become especially urgent. The destruction of scientific facilities, forced migration of researchers, chronic underfinancing, and growing technological lag pose a significant threat to the country’s scientific and technical potential. At the same time, Ukrainian science maintains a strong human capital and a chance for further integration into the global scientific community — provided a modern, sustainable, and effective research infrastructure is established. This necessity underlines the need for a comprehensive analysis of factors affecting the formation of new research centers, taking into account international experience, wartime conditions, and Ukraine’s strategic priorities. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Analysis of the scientific literature shows growing interest in the topic, both nationally and internationally, especially under conditions of global challenges stemming from war, digital transformation, and the need for innovative renewal in science. Ukrainian researchers, in particular V. Semynozhenko, O. Zelinsky, and L. Lytvynenko, highlight the necessity of modernizing the country’s scientific infrastructure, integrating it into the international scientific space, and developing new models of scientific governance. An important role in forming strategic priorities belongs to the Concept of the State Target Programme for Research Infrastructures in Ukraine until 2026, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (Order No. 322-р of 14 April 2021), which sets out a systematic approach to developing the country’s scientific facilities. At the international level, numerous studies, especially within EU programs Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe, and policy documents from organizations such as ESFRI, demonstrate the role of mechanisms like public-private partnerships, institutional autonomy, and collaborative scientific hubs. Successful cases from the EU (CERN, XFEL, Euro-BioImaging) and the USA (Argonne, MIT.nano) show the potential for transformation and strengthening international cooperation. Thus, the available sources enable us to form a holistic view of the challenges and opportunities Ukraine faces in developing its scientific ecosystem. Target of research. The aim of the article is to investigate the current state, problems, and prospects for the formation of new research infrastructures in Ukraine under conditions of war and post-war recovery, focusing on regulatory framework, international experience, and strategic approaches to modernize the scientific sphere and integrate it into the international context. Article’s main body. The formation of new research infrastructures is a key challenge and opportunity for Ukraine today — a process requiring a systematic, strategic, and innovative approach. This will enable strengthening the country's scientific potential, securing its technological independence, and fostering its further economic growth. Ukraine’s scientific base comprises numerous universities, research institutions, and laboratories. However, these entities suffer from insufficient funding, a shortage of qualified personnel due to migration, and a significant technological gap. Ukraine is a party to the Association Agreement with the European Union, which includes a commitment to integrate into the European scientific community. This forms a strong basis for developing mechanisms to enable greater participation in European programs and for strengthening international collaborations. The country must create a national roadmap for developing its research infrastructures, launch multidisciplinary platforms and collective use centers, and implement new models of management with due consideration for autonomy, flexibility, and openness to international cooperation. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The formation of new research infrastructures is a complex but essential process for strengthening science and technology in Ukraine. This will require a collective effort from the government, the scientific community, and business stakeholders. Only through this collaborative approach can we overcome existing challenges and realize the potential of Ukrainian science at the international level.
Current problems and prospects of Ukraine's integration into the international scientific community
Problem setting. Ukraine's integration into European and global research infrastructures is an extremely urgent task that is crucial for the development of the country's scientific sector. The problem of integration covers several key aspects: 1. Lagging behind in research: Ukrainian science faces serious challenges, such as outdated infrastructure, insufficient funding and limited opportunities to conduct modern research. This leads to a lag in comparison with European and global countries. 2. Outflow of scientific personnel: Many talented scientists and researchers leave Ukraine in search of better working conditions and career development abroad. This creates a shortage of qualified personnel and reduces the competitiveness of the scientific community, etc. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Among domestic scholars, attention is drawn to the works of: Pavliutina Y., Holovashchenko O., Shapovalova O., etc. Publications in journals such as Research Policy and Science and Public Policy emphasise the importance of Ukraine's participation in EU programmes such as Horizon Europe to improve the competitiveness of its science. Studies conducted under such programmes show that Ukraine has the opportunity to participate in international projects, gaining access to funding and new technologies. Target of research. To study and analyse the process of Ukraine's integration into European and global research infrastructures, to identify the main challenges and opportunities that arise in this context, and to assess the impact of integration on the development of scientific activity in Ukraine. The article aims to emphasise the importance of international cooperation in science, identify key strategies to improve access of Ukrainian researchers to global research networks and resources, and consider the role of public policy and funding in supporting this integration. Article’s main body. Ukraine's integration into European and global research infrastructures is an important stage in the development of the country's scientific activities and innovation potential in the international arena. In today's world, science and technology are becoming key factors for economic growth, social progress and national security. This provides Ukrainian researchers with access to modern technologies, resources and international collaborations. Ukraine has a strong scientific base consisting of numerous universities, research institutions and research laboratories. However, despite its considerable scientific potential, the country faces a number of challenges, such as insufficient funding for science, outflow of personnel, outdated infrastructure and limited access to international projects. Ukraine has signed an association agreement with the European Union, which includes a commitment to integrate into the European scientific community. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Ukraine's integration into European and global research infrastructures is a complex but necessary process for the development of science and technology in the country. This will require efforts from the government, the scientific community and business. Only through joint efforts can we overcome the existing challenges and realise the potential of Ukrainian science at the international level.
The role of trademark legal protection in supporting environmentally oriented brands
Problems setting. Trademarks within the framework of the green economy serve several important functions: They are applied across various industries. They complement patents as indicators of environmental innovation. They build consumer trust and help navigate the market. They contribute to the capitalization of intellectual property. They increase the added value of innovations. They serve as tools for business recovery. They enable access to state support. They are an accessible and effective mechanism for small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as companies with limited innovation activity. However, trademarks have their own life cycle, which can be managed. In the context of the green economy, this issue deserves further attention. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The most common mechanisms for the loss of registered trademarks include non-payment of fees, oppositions, and court decisions. A review of recent studies reveals the following empirical facts related to the loss of trademark rights: The average lifespan of a trademark is between 10 and 20 years. Domestic companies are about one-third more likely to lose trademarks than foreign ones. Registering a trademark under a legal entity reduces the risk of its expiration by approximately 15%. Figurative marks (those featuring logos, colors, or unique fonts) tend to last longer. An increase in the number of classes of goods and services covered by the registration can extend the trademark’s lifespan by up to 5%. The purpose of the article is to examine trademarks used in the Ukrainian market for environmentally friendly products, with a focus on identifying the specific characteristics of their operation. Article’s main body. It has been established that, in the Ukrainian context, the average lifespan of such trademarks is shorter than in global benchmarks, and several unexpected differences have been identified: foreign owners lose registrations more frequently; legal entities do not always have an advantage; and figurative marks do not tend to last longer than word marks. The author also analyzes the relationship between the classes of goods and services and trademark survival. The study confirms that trademarks serve as indicators of innovation activity. It also highlights the complexity of the interplay between market and legal factors in shaping the "life cycle" of a trademark. Conclusions and prospects for development. The presented study has shown that trademarks serve as an important legal instrument in implementing circular economy strategies, as they provide brand protection and support the commercialization of environmental innovations. The research results indicate that the current trademark protection system in Ukraine is neutral with respect to the linguistic or semantic features of the sign, as well as the categories of applicants. The main reasons for the expiration of trademark certificates are primarily market-driven. The Ukrainian trademark market for "green" goods and services demonstrates certain features that differ from global trends. Further research should take into account judicial practice in trademark disputes related to the green economy, in order to develop effective legal protection mechanisms. Special attention should also be paid to the relationship between licensing, the expansion of intellectual property portfolios, and the lifespan of a trademark.
Legal regulation of ensuring competition in the electricity market of Ukraine in the context of integration with the energy markets of the European Union
Problem setting. Ukraine has long paid significant attention to creating legal prerequisites for the existence and ensuring competition in the Ukrainian electricity market. This is emphasized in a number of regulatory legal acts, the main of which is the Law of Ukraine "On the Electricity Market" dated April 13, 2017 No. 2019-VIII. At the same time, as of now, the formation of a fully competitive electricity market in our country has not been completed. Thus, there is a need to study the issue of legal regulation of ensuring competition in the electricity market of Ukraine, the main prerequisites, reasons and advantages of the transition to a competitive electricity market, as well as the importance of European integration processes for the appropriate legal regulation of these social relations. Analysis of recent research and publications. Some separate aspects of the issue of ensuring competition in the electricity market of Ukraine are addressed in the works of Rekova N.Yu., Bilenka Yu.O. [11], Pavlov K.V., Pavlova O.M., Romanyuk R.V. [10], Zrobok O.O. [13] and others. At the same time, the issue of using the regulatory framework and instruments to create and ensure competition in the electricity market of Ukraine requires more detailed research as a separate phenomenon, including in the aspect of harmonizing Ukrainian legislation with EU directives in the relevant field. Purpose of the research is to study the issue of regulatory and legal regulation of ensuring competition in the electricity market of Ukraine, the main prerequisites, reasons and advantages of the transition to a competitive electricity market, including in the aspect of European integration processes and relevant obligations undertaken by Ukraine. The article was carried out within the framework of the fundamental research topic "Theoretical and legal foundations of innovative development of the energy system of Ukraine", state registration number 0124U005149. Article’s main body. Ensuring competition in the electricity market of Ukraine is an important task of the state, not only in view of the obligations assumed before the European Union, but also in order to ensure diversification, sustainable development and well-being of the population. Of course, given the significant destruction of the energy infrastructure, the primary goal at present is its restoration and stabilization. However, even in the presence of these circumstances, the issue of the legal basis for ensuring competition in the electricity market of Ukraine during the post-war recovery period remains quite important. The article is devoted to the study of the issue of legal regulation of ensuring competition in the electricity market of Ukraine, the main prerequisites for the introduction of appropriate legal regulation in Ukraine. In addition, the issue of the influence of European integration processes, as well as the synchronization of the Ukrainian power system with the European Network of Transmission System Operators, on the formation of an appropriate legal framework regulating the issues of guaranteeing and ensuring competition in the electricity market was investigated. The advantages of creating and maintaining a competitive electricity market in Ukraine are investigated, as well as the main challenges facing our state on the path to completing the creation of a corresponding competitive market.Conclusions and prospects for the development. In Ukraine, along with regulatory provisions, the implementation of activities (except for energy transmission and distribution) in the electric power industry has been declared on a competitive basis, and a number of market mechanisms and instruments have been provided to ensure such competition and prevent abuse of a monopoly position. Considerable attention to this issue is explained by a number of reasons, including socio-economic (ensuring the well-being of the population, embedding the price of electricity in the cost of most goods, works and services, etc.), as well as international obligations assumed by Ukraine within the framework of the Treaty establishing the Energy Community and the Association Agreement between Ukraine, of the one part, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the other part.
Fairness is a key principle – rights of social security
Problem setting. Justice is a universal human value, the foundation of the progressive development of the state and its institutions, civil society, a guarantee and indicator of the legal protection of the individual, in connection with which there are objective international legal, national, social, political and legal prerequisites for the need to develop problems of justice, in particular in the law of social security. The principle of justice is one of the leading principles in the field of social security law. And this is not by chance, because the development of this area of law is aimed primarily at establishing social justice in society. It is precisely the manifestation of justice that is the protection of vulnerable categories of persons, providing them with support in the event of difficult life circumstances, which makes it possible to balance opportunities for the development of each member of society and make an equal contribution to state and public life by all, achieving a decent level of well-being. At the same time, establishing justice in this area is not a simple task, since it consists in the constant search for optimal indicators of social justice, developing its corresponding model. Analyses of recent researches and publications. General issues of the system of principles of social security law, including the principle of justice, were the subject of research by such scholars as V. Andreyev, N. Bolotina, T. Garasymiv, K. Hnatenko, V. Goncharov, P. Korneva, V. Kostyuk, O. Moskalenko, P. Pylypenko, I. Syrot, V. Sokurenko, B. Stashkiv, I. Khomych, K. Fedchyshyna, L. Shumna, I. Yaroshenko, O. Yaroshenko, and others. Article’s main body. Research into the principle of justice as one of the leading principles of social security law. After all, the study of social justice issues plays a significant role in legal science, providing a basis for a deeper understanding of the value of a person, his life and dignity. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The principle of justice in social security law is defined as the most generalized legal requirement that reflects the model of ensuring equality in society, the distribution of material and non-material benefits in it, the formula for taking into account the individual qualities of each individual, his capabilities, abilities, activities and achievements in the further distribution of social benefits and satisfaction of his needs, which are perceived and recognized by society, ensure social harmony, as well as the formation and fulfilment of legitimate expectations. It is noted that today the quality of legal regulation of social security in Ukraine, its form and content necessitate the recognition of the distortion of the principle of justice in this area, its inadequate understanding primarily at the national level, total formalism in attempts to implement the above principle in the reality of social security relations. Problems in the implementation of the principle of justice in the field of social security are outlined and ways to solve them are proposed. In particular, the principle of justice in social security law should be unambiguously enshrined in regulatory legal acts – sources of social security, in particular, its structure and manifestations should be enshrined textually. At the same time, it is important to comprehensively involve the public in improving the current regulatory legal regulation of social security, conducting public discussions of draft laws in the field of social security. Also, solving the problem of establishing the principle of justice in social security law, supporting other researchers, attention is focused on the urgency of systematizing social security legislation.
Legal ensurance of sustainable development of the energy system of Ukraine in the conditions of martial state and post-war reconstruction
Problem setting. Sustainable development of the energy sector has a direct impact on improving the quality of life of the population, that is achieved through ensuring access to clean and reliable energy sources. In the context of sustainable development, legal regulation of energy relations should become an effective tool for overcoming current challenges and forming a sustainable, independent and environmentally safe energy system of Ukraine. Only with a comprehensive approach to updating legislation can it be possible to ensure the harmonious development of the energy sector, that will meet modern requirements. Therefore, in conditions of martial law and post-war reconstruction, ensuring sustainable development of the energy complex is of crucial importance for the restoration of the national economy. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The problems of legal support for sustainable development of the energy system and its components have been studied by many scientists. Thus, scientists V. S. Khomyn, V. L. Bredikhina, I. A. Kantsir studied the security and environmental challenges of the prospects for sustainable development of the economy of Ukraine in the context of energy transition. The results of this study proved the need for energy transition as the main factor in ensuring energy security of Ukraine and achieving sustainable economic development, which is due to the strategic aspiration of our country to integrate into the EU. O. V. Rozghon was conducted eco-innovation as a determining factor in achieving sustainable development goals in the automotive sector, the conducted research allowed us to conclude that eco-innovation as a determining factor in achieving sustainable development goals in the automotive sector is a means of implementing the principles of a closed-loop economy, that are built on minimizing waste from electric vehicle production, supporting resource-saving and environmentally friendly production, restoring resources, and reducing the negative impact on the environment. V. O. Timashov considered the importance of legal regulation of the development of renewable energy in the context of martial law in Ukraine and analyzed the impact of the war period on the country's energy security. The author also investigated the main aspects of legal regulation of renewable energy in the context of martial law, in particular legislative initiatives aimed at supporting the development of alternative energy sources during crisis situations. Article’s main body. It should be agreed that the basic priority direction of implementing state policy within the framework of the country's investment and innovative development is the application or strengthening of the intellectual component, digitalization of economic processes, reduction of resource costs, including material, energy and human, implementation of the investment and innovation potential of economic recovery and growth in the national macroeconomic environment. Taking into account the main areas of prioritization, the development of the energy sector serves as the starting point for ensuring the sustainable development of the national economy of Ukraine. The Energy Security Strategy, that was developed to ensure the balance of the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development of Ukraine, meets the goals of sustainable development defined by the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated September 30, 2019. No. 722 «On the Sustainable Development Goals of Ukraine for the period up to 2030», determines that energy security is inextricably linked to the success of European integration, synchronization of energy systems and markets with European ones and sustainable development of the sector. At the same time, the Energy Security Strategy identifies threats to energy security at the national level (in particular, to the sustainable development of the fuel and energy complex). In response to the challenges of war and energy destabilization, the Ukrainian government approved a new Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2050, which sets a course for achieving climate neutrality, abandoning imports of Russian energy carriers, and transitioning to sustainable, decentralized energy based on renewable energy sources. However, problematic issues in the functioning of the energy system confirm the presence of real threats to the functioning of the fuel and energy complex, and in addition, martial law conditions exacerbate existing problems and distort new challenges that have negative consequences. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Based on the research conducted, it should be determined that currently the main areas of ensuring sustainable development of the energy system of Ukraine should be ensuring proper legal regulation of the energy sector and effective implementation of priority areas of science and technology and innovation activities, activating European integration processes, developing and renewing energy infrastructure, and ensuring innovative development of leading energy sectors.
State regulation of innovation activities in the sphere of alternative energy sources
Problem setting. The scientific work is devoted to the study of issues of regulation of innovation activity in the sphere of alternative energy sources. The article clarifies the difference between alternative and renewable energy, analyzes strategic documents of the state level and national legislation on innovative development of the sphere of alternative energy sources. It is revealed that despite the urgent need to stimulate and support innovation activity in the field of alternative energy sources, state policy and state regulation of innovations in Ukraine are still absent. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Summarizing the results of recent research, key aspects of global experience in state regulation are highlighted. The lack of coverage of the features of regulation of innovation activity in the alternative energy sector and achieving its effectiveness in countries with systemically vulnerable economies is revealed. Purpose of the research is to develop theoretical principles of state regulation of innovation activity in the sphere of alternative energy sources and to substantiate practical recommendations for improving the legal and regulatory framework of this sector in Ukraine. Article’s main body. The essence of state regulation of the economy, its goals, objectives, legal, administrative and economic methods of regulation, the connection of state policy with state regulation are considered. It is proved that the regulation of innovative development of the sphere of alternative energy sources is a separate direction of state regulatory activity within the energy industry. The instruments of direct and indirect influence on innovation activity in the sphere of alternative energy, which are most common in world practice, are singled out. It is substantiated that information, professional education, as well as strategic planning, control and institutionalization should be attributed to the state regulation instruments. The importance of qualitative goal-setting when developing an innovation policy in the sphere of alternative energy sources and the connection of its goals and objectives with economic, energy, environmental, innovation and digital strategies are argued. Recommendations are proposed for the introduction of state regulation of innovative activities in the field of alternative energy sources in terms of amending the Law of Ukraine "On Alternative Energy Sources" and improving other regulatory legal acts related to strategic goals and directions of state policy. In Ukraine, it is recommended to take a balanced approach to the formation of strategic goals and provisions of regulatory documents, taking into account limited resources, military risks, financial and technological dependence on developed countries, giving preference to a rational approach and national interests. Conclusions and prospects for development. In a systemically vulnerable economy, the development of strategic policy goals should focus on highly effective solutions, and regulation should focus on establishing a well-defined regulatory framework and the responsibility of the authorities for the implementation of goals and objectives and the targeted use of funds. The state is obliged to ensure transparency in the formation and implementation of policy. Only targeted, effective and honest actions of state bodies can become a driver of innovative development of the economy and restore the lost public trust. An important direction for further research into the problems of state regulation of innovative activity in the field of alternative energy sources is the legal support for the implementation of digital innovations.
the sphere of alternative energy sources
Innovative technologies in the use and protection of the environment: legal challenges of today
Problem setting. The article aims to investigate the legal challenges associated with the implementation of innovative technologies in the field of environmental protection in Ukraine. The study emphasizes the importance of updating the legal framework to foster the integration of green and digital innovations aimed at sustainable development. Legal relations regarding the use and protection of the environment in the innovative sphere have repeatedly attracted the attention of researchers. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The issue under consideration has been given attention in one way or another by such leading scientists as: A. P. Getman, E. M. Bilousov, I. V. Anisimova, V. L. Bredikhina, D. V. Zadykhailo, D. D. Zadykhailo, G. I. Balyuk, M. V. Krasnova and other leading scientists-researchers. Target of the research. The research is based on general scientific and special legal methods, including comparative legal analysis, formal-legal method, and systemic-structural approach. The study also involves an examination of relevant Ukrainian legislation and European Union legal norms. Article’s main body. The study identifies key legal issues that hinder the effective implementation of environmental innovations, such as regulatory gaps, lack of alignment with EU standards, and underdeveloped judicial mechanisms for protecting intellectual property in green technologies. Real-life examples of technological solutions, including automated environmental monitoring systems and digital tools in climate policy, are presented. Additionally, the article proposes specific directions for improving the legal regulation of environmental innovations. Conclusions and prospects for development. In the current conditions of global environmental challenges and climate change, the introduction of innovative technologies in the field of environmental protection is of key importance for ensuring sustainable development. Ukraine, as a state that has declared a European integration vector and strives to achieve climate neutrality, has every reason to actively involve and develop "green" innovations. However, the effectiveness of these processes largely depends on the level of legal support and the readiness of state institutions to adapt to new realities. The problems analyzed in the study indicate that national legislation requires systematic improvement. Among the priority tasks are the elimination of legal gaps and conflicts, harmonization with European environmental standards, as well as the introduction of incentive mechanisms for business, science and civil society. An important direction is the formation of a clear terminological base in the field of environmental innovations, which will contribute to transparency and legal certainty. The experience of implementing digital solutions, automated monitoring systems, eco-startups and innovation support institutions shows that technological solutions can significantly improve the state of the environment. However, their development is impossible without appropriate legal support, intellectual property protection, effective environmental control and state funding. Thus, the integration of innovations into the field of environmental protection should be comprehensive, covering legal, economic, technical and social instruments.
Application of innovations related to renewable energy sources to increase resource efficiency of SMEs in industrial and eco-industrial parks
Problem setting. In this article, the author addresses the problem of eco-innovative solutions related to renewable energy sources in the direction of increasing the resource efficiency of SMEs in industrial and eco-industrial parks. Analysis of recent research and publications on the selected topic shows that relocation is a manifestation of modern processes of innovative development and innovative activity of SMEs in industrial and/or eco-industrial parks. The purpose of this study is to identify the level of opportunities for the application of eco-innovation using renewable energy sources in electric transport, which are implemented by SMEs as participants in industrial and/or eco-industrial parks, to explore the legal nature of the category of eco-innovation related to renewable energy sources. Article’s main body. An attempt is made to assess the effectiveness of methods of economic stimulation of innovative activities of SMEs through PPP, which ensures the interaction of the state and business in the automotive sector. The author examined the activities of SMEs in the territory of industrial/eco-industrial parks as participants and found that SMEs as participants of industrial parks in the territory of the park during the implementation of eco-innovation create the opportunity to: increase the number of new jobs, promote the modernization of "green industry", implement resource efficiency approaches for SMEs and the circular economy, increase employment and regional development, strengthen the country's industrial potential in the direction of increasing the resource efficiency of SMEs in industrial and eco-industrial parks, and provide social infrastructure for the surrounding area (for the local population). The author proved that for sustainable development and functioning, SMEs located and registered in the territory of industrial/eco-industrial parks have the opportunity to use a set of advantages when implementing innovation as a way to increase their productivity and competitiveness. Conclusions and prospects for development. It has been established that problems related to the functioning of SMEs located and registered in industrial parks and implementing eco-innovations remain relevant. A critical analysis of the activities of SMEs has proven that the task of eco-innovation activities in the automotive sector in SMEs is to increase the indicators of resource-efficient and clean production, and eco-innovation projects can become effective for the activities of SMEs because they are a powerful factor in reducing the negative impact on the environment, having a positive impact on the economic development of the state and providing jobs. The novelty of the work lies in the isolation of eco-innovations related to renewable energy sources to determine the role in minimizing the impact of electric vehicles on the environment. It is noted that further eco-innovative changes in the automotive sector can be implemented in the direction of increasing the resource efficiency of SMEs in industrial and eco-industrial parks.
Genesis of digital currency in the civil law of Ukraine
Problem settings. With the inclusion of a “new” object of civil rights—the digital thing—into the Civil Code of Ukraine, determining the role and specific features of digital currencies becomes an urgent necessity for the academic community. Exploring the history of the emergence of digital currencies is particularly important, as it helps to understand the evolution of their legal status, trace the origins of current regulatory approaches, and formulate legal frameworks to ensure their effective implementation and use. This article covers various periods in the history of Ukrainian statehood, focusing on key stages of civil law regulation, within which legal objects of the time are examined—those that, by their function and nature, can be considered precursors of modern digital currencies. Analysis of recent research and publications. Certain aspects of the legal nature of digital currencies and crypto-assets in Ukrainian civil law have been studied by scholars such as R.A. Maidanyk, T.I. Brovchenko, D.Ye. Bilous, V.L. Skrypnyk, N.S. Khatniuk, N.B. Pobiianska, K.H. Nekit, A.A. Tsyban, L.V. Soroka, Ye.O. Michurin, S.O. Slipchenko, among others. Their research has primarily focused on defining the legal nature of digital assets, their civil classification, and the issues surrounding virtual assets and digital things. However, the historical context of the formation of digital currency as an object of private law remains underexplored, leaving gaps in the understanding of its genesis. The purpose of the article is to identify the historical prerequisites and stages of the formation of digital currency as an object of civil legal relations, to analyze the evolution of legal regulation of related objects in Ukrainian law from antiquity to the present, and to attempt to determine the place of digital currency within the structure of Ukraine’s civil legislation. Article’s main body. The development of digital currency as an object of civil law in Ukraine is closely linked to the historical evolution of property relations and monetary systems. From the early forms of barter in Kyivan Rus to the appearance of metal-based currencies like the hryvnia, value was gradually abstracted from physical goods to standardized financial instruments. In the Cossack era, despite the absence of a national currency, economic exchange thrived through the use of foreign coins, illustrating the adaptive nature of property law under conditions of legal pluralism and decentralization. The first legislative attempt to establish a sovereign monetary system occurred during the short-lived Ukrainian People’s Republic. However, political instability and lack of enforcement mechanisms hindered full implementation. Only after Ukraine’s independence in 1991 did the process of codifying modern civil law gain traction, culminating in the Civil Code of 2003. This act laid the groundwork for future inclusion of digital assets as civil law objects. Over time, legislative amendments recognized “digital things” and virtual assets as legally significant, thereby enabling the conceptual integration of cryptocurrencies, stablecoins, and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) into civil turnover. While digital currency shares the functional roles of traditional money—medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value—it also introduces technological features such as intangibility, programmability, and cross-border usability. These characteristics challenge the classical understanding of “things” in civil law and demand legal adaptation. Ukraine’s legislative response has been gradual. The recognition of electronic money, followed by attempts to define virtual assets and establish taxation frameworks, indicates a growing legal acceptance of digital financial instruments. Despite ongoing gaps in regulation, the integration of digital currencies into Ukrainian law aligns with international efforts, including the EU’s MiCA framework. Thus, digital currency in Ukraine continues to evolve as both a legal and economic phenomenon, shaped by national history and global innovation. Conclusions and prospects for the Development. The recognition of digital currency in Ukraine’s civil law is the result of a long historical evolution shaped by economic, legal, and technological changes. From early barter and commodity exchange in Kyivan Rus to the formation of a national currency system and, later, modern digital assets, each stage reflects society’s need for effective instruments of value. The attempts of the Ukrainian People’s Republic to introduce a national currency highlighted the risks of hasty monetary reforms without strong legal foundations. In contrast, modern Ukraine has gradually built a legal framework that now includes digital objects such as virtual assets and electronic money within the Civil Code. Although the legal status and regulation of cryptocurrencies and other digital assets remain under development, ongoing reforms demonstrate Ukraine’s commitment to legal modernization. The future introduction of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) may further enhance the transparency and efficiency of payment systems. In this context, the genesis of digital currency is not an isolated phenomenon but a logical extension of Ukraine’s historical and legal trajectory. A deeper understanding of past legal experiments allows for more balanced and forward-looking policymaking, ensuring the alignment of state interests, technological progress, and market needs.
Dignified payment for the work of scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers in the context of changes in the educational paradigm
Problem setting. Remuneration of scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers has been and remains one of the complex problems of legal regulation. Today, the salaries of these workers in Ukraine do not cover the most necessary expenses, and inflationary processes lead to the impoverishment of educators and their families.The existing system of remuneration of scientists and teachers of higher education does not comply with the principles of justice and proportionality. And the tariff system provided for by law, which is based on assessments of the complexity of the work performed and the qualifications of employees and should ensure appropriate differentiation of wages, is actually not functioning. Remuneration of budget employees continues to be based on the official salary of an employee of the 1st tariff category of the Unified State Budget, which remains at the level of December 2024. It is these circumstances that make the study of issues of legal regulation of relations in the educational and scientific spheres regarding decent work and determining ways to resolve them relevant. Analysis of recent researches and publications In legal literature, the study of the problems of legal regulation of remuneration of scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers has always attracted the attention of scientists. Among them, it is worth mentioning the scientific works of V. S. Venedyktov, G. S. Goncharova, D. B. Derevyanko, G. A. Kaplina, V. A. Kononenko, M. L. Smolyarova, N. M. Khutoryan, T. M. Yuzko, G. O. Yakovleva, O. M. Yaroshenko, and others, which have not lost their relevance even now. Of great scientific significance are modern scientific achievements in studying the problems of decent remuneration for the specified category of workers by such scientists as L. P. Amelicheva, N. M. Vapnyarchuk, B. V. Vapnyarchuk, Yu. F. Ivanov, O. G. Sereda, A. M. Yushko, and others. Taking into account the existing scientific achievements of the mentioned scientists, we consider it necessary in our study to focus attention on those problematic aspects and legal mechanisms for their resolution that have not yet come into the field of view of scientists or to which due attention has not been paid. The purpose of this article is to develop research and identification of problematic issues related to shortcomings or imperfections in the legal regulation of remuneration of scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees, and to determine further ways to resolve them. Article’s main body. The article examines problematic issues regarding the remuneration of scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers. Attention is focused on the fact that the level of remuneration of scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers in Ukraine does not provide a decent standard of living for the specified category of workers. It was emphasized that the existing system of remuneration of scientists and teachers of higher education does not comply with the principles of justice and proportionality. It was noted that the entry into force of the provisions of special legislation on the size of official salaries for pedagogical, scientific-pedagogical and scientific employees has been repeatedly postponed by the legislator International experience on the issues of salaries and organization of scientific work of scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers is considered. It was concluded that the existing problems of low wages for scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers can be eliminated by using positive international experience, adapting it to our realities, and developing such norms and regulations that exclude the element of any deterioration, compared to previous indicators, not only in the amount of wages, but also in the working conditions of a scientific and scientific-pedagogical worker, with their subsequent introduction in the form of amendments to national educational legislation, as well as application at the level of local labor regulation. Conclusions and prospects for the development. As part of the study, it is proposed to: 1) restore the effect of the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On Remuneration of Pedagogical, Scientific-Pedagogical and Scientific Employees of Educational and Scientific Institutions and Institutions” No. 822 of July 10, 2019, which is aimed at implementing Part 2 of Article 61 of the Law of Ukraine “On Education” of September 5, 2017 No. 2145, which approved the scheme of official salaries (salary rates) of pedagogical and scientific-pedagogical employees, the size of official salaries, as well as additional payments and allowances that should ensure the promised decent salaries for employees in the educational sphere; 2) in local regulations related to labor remuneration, establish various additional payments and allowances for scientific and pedagogical employees for: successful performance of scientific work, publications in the scientometric databases Scopus, Web of Science, innovation and use of modern methods and information technologies in the educational process, knowledge of a foreign language, curatorship, etc.; 3) as part of the reform of the higher education system, accompanied by the implementation of European standards, to accordingly review the remuneration of scientific and scientific-pedagogical employees.